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表紙
慶応丁卯新鐫 (転記者注: この部分、原文の書字方向はみぎからひだり)
(転記者注: 以下の部分、原文はたてがき)
美国 平文先生編譯 和英語林集成 一千八百六十七年 日本横浜梓行
—以下引用部分—
A
JAPANESE AND ENGLISH
DICTIONARY;
WITH AN
ENGLISH AND JAPANESE
INDEX.
BY
J. C. HEPBURN, A.M., M.D.
SHANGHAI:
AMERICAN PRESBYTERIAN MISSION PRESS.
1867.
PREFACE.
In introducing this Dictionary to the public the author feels no small
degree of diffidence. Nothing but the great need of such a work, felt by
all foreigners in Japan, and the constant demand upon those who were making
the study of the language their special business to share their acquisitions
with others, could have induced him to issue it at this stage of his acquaintance
with the language. The conviction that it is a first step in the right
direction, and that, with all its deficiencies, it will prove of some use,
could alone have made him consent to its publication.
In compiling this work the author has labored under the very great difficulty
of having had little to assist him from the works of predecessors in the
same field. The only works of the kind within his reach were the small
vocabulary of Dr. Medhurst published in Batavia in 1830; and the Japanese
and Portuguese Dictionary published by the Jesuit missionaries in 1603.
His principal dependence, however, has been upon the living teacher, so
that he feels himself alone responsible for every thing in the work.
There are over 20,000 Japanese words defined in the dictionary. This number
might have been considerably increased, if all the compound words of which
the language is capable, and all the obsolete words had been inserted.
Those here published have been collected, for the most part, in the course
of his own reading, or heard in use among the people. A large number of
the words are of Chinese origin, and used mainly in books and epistolary
writings, and have a very limited range of meaning. The most common words,
whether native or Chinese, he has endeavored to illustrate, as much as
possible, with examples; some of them extracted from books, but generally
with colloquial phrases.
He might have made it a less pretentious volume, confining himself to only
such words as are in common use; but his desire has been to present the
whole language to the eye of the scholar arranged in proper order; and
though he may not have exhausted the meaning of the words, he has endeavored
to make as near an approximation to it as possible.
To render the work more complete he has added the Japanese Kana, and Chinese
characters. The spelling with the Kana is accorging to the best native
authority. The Chinese characters attached to the native words are those
commonly used as their equivalents.
It has also been attempted to designate the part of speech to which each
word belongs. This with the native words is not a matter of much difficulty,
but with the Chinese is impossible in most cases, as the same word may
be viewed as a noun, verb, or adjective, according to it various relations.
The introduction of the synonymous words will also be found useful. This
branch has been more fully carried out in the second part, or Index.
In Romanizing the words, the effort has been in every case to express the
sound as pronounced by the most cultivated natives; and the system of orthography,
with a few variations, is that generally adopted by the students of the
language in Japan.
The printing has been accomplished under many difficulties, especially
from the want of accented vowels and a proper supply of capital letters
which could not be procured in Shanghai, and had to be manufactured under
many disadvantages. This will account for the want of uniformity and irregularity
observable.
Notwithstanding every care, not a few typographical errors are observed;
but as most of them are unimportant and a little attention will enable
the reader to rectify them for himself, it is no thought necessary to publish
a list of errata.
With these apologies and explanations, the author commits this work, the
fruit of nearly eight years of unremitting labor, to the kind indulgence
of those who are making the language their study, and if he can in this
way, lend them a helping hand out of some of the difficulties which he
had so often to encounter alone, he will feel that his labor has no been
in vain.
J. C. H.
Shanghai, May, 1867.
INTRODUCTION.
THE ORTHOGRAPHY.
a has the sound of a in father.
e has the sound of e in they, prey.
i has the sound of i in machine.
o has the sound of o in no, so.
u has the sound of u in rule, moon.
The horizontal mark over the vowels; as, ā, ī, ō, ū, indicates merely that the sound is prolonged.
ai has the sound of ai in aisle or eye.
au has the sound of ow in cow, how.
ch has the sound of ch in church.
sh has the sound of sh in shall, ship.
a, when followed by a syllable commencing with y, has the sound of ai, or i in thine; as, hayaku, is pronounced, haiyaku; ayamachi, aiyamachi.
f, has a close resemblance to the sound of the English, f; but differs from it in that the teeth do not touch the lip, but the sound
is made by blowing fu, softly through the lips when nearly closed, something like the wh sound in who, or why.
g, in the Yedo dialect has the soft sound of ng; but in Nagasaki, Kiyoto, and the southern departments it is pronounced
hard; as in go, gain.
r, in ra, re, ro, ru, has the sound of the English, r; but ri, it is pronounced more like d. But this is not invariable as many natives give it the common r sound.
The vowel sound in sz, tsz, and dz, is the same. It has no equivalent in English, but as near as possible
to the sound expressed by the letters. Se in Kiyoto, Nagasaki and the southern departments is pronounced, she; and ze, like je.
The final n (ン), when at the end of a word has always the sound of ng; as, mon = mong, san = sang, shin = shing; but in the body of a word, when followed by a syllable beginning with
b, m, or p, it is pronounced like m; as, ban-min = bamming, mon-ban = mombang, shin-pai = shimpai. Before the other consonants it has the sound of n; as, an-nai, an-raku, ban-dai.
The sounds of the other consonants, viz. b d h j k m n p s t w y z, do not differ from their common English sounds.
THE WRITTEN CHARACTER OR KANA.
The native language of the Japanese seems not to have been redueed*1 to writing before the introduction of the Chinese characters. Ancient
written characters are spoken of, and their forms and sounds even given,
but it is doubtful whether they were used. The only vestiges said to be
still remaining are the inscriptions upon two stone tablets, preserved
and regarded with superstitious veneration, one in a Sintoo temple in Miwa
of the department of Yamato; the other in a temple in Kidziki in the department
of Idzmo.
*1 転記者の注釈: <redueed>は<reduced>の誤植か。
The most ancient writings in the native language still extant are the Kojiki (古事記), a history of Japan from the earliest ages to the time when it
was written about A.D.711; and the Manyōshu (万葉集), a collection of native poetry made some fifty years later. In
both of these works the square and unabbreviated form (Kaisho) of the Chinese characters is used phonetically to represent the sounds
of the Japanese syllables. These characters were called Kari-na, (仮字), or borrowed names, contracted afterwards into Kana (see 4 and 5 of the table). These characters more or less abbreviated
and simplified in form, are called Hira-kana (3 of the table), or plain letters, and are still the common symbols used
in writing the native language.
The Katakana, (片仮名), or side letters, (1 of the table) are also derived from the
Chinese characters, where instead of taking the whole, only a part of the
character is used. These are more ancient than the Hirakana but have been little used except in Dictionaries, books intended for the
learned, or to spell foreign names.
There is still another form used, called the I-ro-ha kana, said to have been invented by Kūkai, or Kōbōdaishi, a Buddhist priest and founder of the Shingonshu sect, who died in A.D.835. This form of Kana was devised by its author in order to assimilate the letters, as much
as possible, to the Bonji, or characters used in the sacred books of the Buddhists.
The Japanese syllabary consists of seventy-two syllables, as seen in the
table; they are generally arranged according to the five vowel sounds;
as follows :--
aア
kaカ
saサ
taタ
naナ
haハ
maマ
yaヤ
raラ
waワ
gaガ
zaザ
daダ
baバ
paパ
iイ
kiキ
shiシ
chiチ
niニ
hiヒ
miミ
i イ
riリ
i 井
giギ
jiジ
jiヂ
biビ
piピ
uウ
kuク
suス
tsuツ
nuヌ
fuフ
muム
yuユ
ruル
u ウ
guグ
dzズ
dzヅ
buブ
puプ
eエ
keケ
seセ
teテ
ne子
heヘ
meメ
yeエ
reレ
yeヱ
geゲ
zeゼ
deデ
beベ
peペ
oオ
koコ
soソ
toト
noノ
hoホ
moモ
yoヨ
roロ
woヲ
goゴ
zoゾ
doド
boボ
poポ
To complete this table the syllables, イ ウ and エ have to be repeated.
There are also amongst them several syllables, as, ヱ and エ, イ and 井,
ヲ and オ, ヂ and ジ, and ヅ and ズ, which are said to have represented
different sounds in ancient times; but at the present time they can no
longer be distinguished; in correct spelling, however, care must be taken
that they be not written indiscriminately; there is a rule, established
by ancient usage, to be observed in their use.
THE SYLLABLES IN COMBINATION.
The syllables commencing with the soft asperates*2, h and f, and y, for the most part, loose their consonants, and their vowels combine with
the vowel of the preceeding*3 syllable; sometimes forming a diphthong; as, a-hi, ai; afu, au, or ō; sometimes lengthening the sound of the first vowel; as, nu-fu, nū; to-ho, tō; i-hi, ī; yo-fu, yō; ho-ho, ō*4.
*2 転記者の注釈: <asperates>は<aspirate>の誤植か。
*3 転記者の注釈: <preceeding>は<preceding>の誤植か。
*4 転記者の注釈: <ō>は<hō>の誤植か。
Sometimes with the consonant of the first and the vowel of the second forming
a new syllable, epecially*5 in writing the sounds of Chinese words; as, chi-ya, cha; shi-ya, sha; chi-yo, cho; shi-yo, sho; ji-yo, jo; or by still greater changes; as, chi-ya-u, chō; shi-ya-u, shō; shi-yo-u, shō; or by forming an entirely new sound; as t-eu*6, chō; he-u, hiyō; de-fu, jō; se-fu, shō.
*5 転記者の注釈: <epecially>は<especially>の誤植か。
*6 転記者の注釈: <t-eu>は<te-u>の誤植か。
In the following table all these changes are given in regular order, for
the sake of those who may wish to consult this dictionary, and who may
have the Kana only without the voice of the living teacher to direct them
to the proper sound.
イフ iu
イヒ ī
イイ ī
イハ iwa
ロウ rō
ハウ hō
ハフ hō
ハヘ haye
バウ bō
バフ bō
ヘウ hiyō
ベウ biyō
ホウ hō
ホフ hō
ホホ hō
ボウ bō
ニフ niu
ニホ nio
ニヒ nī
ニヘ niye
トフ tō
トウ tō
トホ tō
トヲ tōトヒ toi
ドウ dō
チヤ cha
チヨ cho
チヤウ chō
チヨウ chō
ヂヨ jo
ヂヤウ jō
リフ riu
ヌフ nū
ヌウ nū
ヌヒ nui
ヲウ ō
ヲヒ oi
ワフ ō
ワウ ō
カウ kō
カフ kō
カヒ kai
カホ kao
ガウ gō
ガフ gō
ヨフ yō
ヨウ yōヨヒ yoi
タウ tō
タフ tō
タヘ taye
タヒ tai
ダウ dō
レウ riyō
レフ riyō
ソフ sō
ソウ sō
ソホ sō
ソヒ soi
ゾウ zō
ツヒ tszi
ツウ ts'ū
子ウ niyō
ナウ nō
ナフ nō
ナホ nao
ナヘ naye
ラウ rō
ラフ rō
ウヤ wiyaウヱ wiye
ウヘ wiye
ウヒ ui
ウハ uwa
ウヲ uwo
ノウ nō
ノホ nō
ヲフ ō
オホ ō
オオ ō
オウ ō
オヒ oi
クハ kuwa
クヒ kui
クウ kū
ヤウ yō
ヤフ yō
マウ mō
マヒ mai
マヘ maye
ケウ kiyō
ケフ kiyō
フウ fūコウ ko*7
コヒ koi
コフ kō
ゴウ gō
ゴフ gō
エウ yō
テウ chō
テフ chō
デウ jō
デフ jō
アウ ō or au
アフ ō or au
アヒ ai
アア ā
アハ awa
サウ sō
サフ sō
ザウ zō
ザフ zō
キフ kiu
キハ kiwa
ユウ yū
ユフ yūユヒ yui
メウ miyō
メヒ mei
シヤ sha
シヨ sho
シヤウ shō
シヤフ shō
シヨウ shō
シユ shu
シユウ shū
ジヤ ja
ジヨ jo
ジヤウ jō
ジフ jū
ジユ ju
モウ mō
モオ mō
セウ shō
セフ shō
セハ sewa
スヒ szi
スフ szu
スハ szwa
*7 転記者の注釈: <ko>は<kō>の誤植か。
In the system of orthography adopted in this work, the y has been retained before the vowels a and o whenever possible, in order to separate the vowels, render the syllables
more distinct, and follow the kana.
The syllables tsz, (ツ) when preceeding*8 the strong consonant, k, s, p, and t, is elided, and the consonant of the following syllable doubled; as batsz-kun becomes bakkun; matsz-szgu becomes masszgu; tetszpō, teppō; matsz-taku, mattaku.
*8 転記者の注釈: <preceeding>は<preceding>の誤植か。
Ku, (ク) when following by a syllable beginning with k looses its vowel; as, baku-ka, bakka; biku-ko, bikko; koku-ka, kokka.
The sound of the vowel i, is often elided; as in h'to, sh'chi, sh'ta, sh'te, ch'sha.
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